Learn all about how trichomes play a role in cannabis plant development & when to harvest cannabis plants according to various trichome colour changes.
Are you a cannabis producer or a cultivator searching for the best cannabis quality assurance practices? Well, then you need to keep a close eye on your cannabis plants’ trichomes!
By carefully observing the trichomes, those tiny, crystal-like structures that cover the buds of the cannabis plant, cultivators can determine the ideal time to harvest their crop. You can use our Trichome Harvest Chart as a visual guide, to make informed harvesting decisions based on the trichome colour and maturity. And the best part? This method provides a more accurate and reliable indication of harvest readiness compared to traditional methods. So if you’re eager to discover how the Trichome Harvest Chart can take your cannabis cultivation to the next level, keep reading!
What are Trichomes on a Cannabis Plant?
Have you ever taken a close look at a cannabis plant and noticed those tiny, crystal-like structures covering the buds and leaves? Those are trichomes. Trichomes are incredibly important to the cannabis plant, as they play a crucial role in its chemical makeup and the production of cannabinoids and terpenes.
So, what exactly are trichomes? Trichomes are small, mushroom-shaped structures that develop on the surface of the cannabis plant. They are like resin glands, and they contain a multitude of compounds that give cannabis its unique characteristics. These compounds include cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, as well as terpenes, which are responsible for the aroma and flavour of the plant.
What Purpose Do Trichomes Serve on a Cannabis Plant?
The purpose of trichomes on a cannabis plant is to protect it from predators, environmental stressors, and UV radiation. They act as a defence mechanism, deterring insects and animals from eating the plant. Trichomes also help to regulate the plant’s temperature and prevent excessive evaporation, allowing the plant to thrive in various climates.
How are Trichomes Helpful for Cannabis End Product Development?
Trichomes are the primary source of THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids in cannabis plants. These compounds are concentrated in the resin glands of the trichomes, making them the most potent part of the plant. In fact, the highest concentration of cannabinoids is typically found in the trichomes on the flowers or buds of the cannabis plant.
Trichomes also play a crucial role in terpene development. Terpenes are aromatic compounds which are responsible for the distinct smells and flavours of different cannabis strains. Without trichomes, cannabis would not have the same rich, complex aroma that so many people love.
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What are the Three Different Types of Trichomes on a Cannabis Plant?
Did you know that there are three types of trichomes on a cannabis plant? No worries, we’ll explore them with you here.
Bulbous Trichomes
The first type of trichome is the bulbous trichome. These are the smallest trichomes, barely visible to the naked eye. Despite their size, they are packed with essential oils, cannabinoids, and terpenes. Bulbous trichomes are found throughout the entire cannabis plant, including the leaves and stems. While they may not contribute much to the overall potency of the plant, they do play a role in its defence mechanism against pests and pathogens.
Capitate Sessile Trichomes
Next up are the capitate sessile trichomes. These trichomes are slightly larger and more noticeable than the bulbous trichomes. They have a mushroom-shaped head and are attached directly to the surface of the plant. Capitate sessile trichomes are primarily responsible for producing cannabinoids, including THC and CBD. As they mature, these trichomes continue to produce and accumulate cannabinoids, contributing to the overall potency and effects of the cannabis plant.
Capitate-Stalked Trichomes
Finally, we have the capitate-stalked trichomes, which are the largest and most abundant trichomes found on a cannabis plant. These trichomes have a long stalk and a head that resembles a mushroom. Capitate-stalked trichomes are highly concentrated in the flowers or buds of the plant. They are responsible for producing most of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds that give cannabis its unique aroma and effects.
What Purpose Do Each of the 3 Types of Trichomes Serve?
Bulbous Trichomes
Purpose for the Plant: Bulbous trichomes are the smallest and least visible type. They act as a form of protection for the plant. These trichomes secrete compounds that deter herbivores and insects from feeding on the plant. Additionally, they help reduce water loss through transpiration, contributing to the plant’s overall resilience.
Role in End-Product: While not a primary source of cannabinoids and terpenes, bulbous trichomes contribute to the plant’s overall resin production. This resin, containing various compounds, adds to the aromatic and flavorful characteristics of the final cannabis product.
Capitate Sessile Trichomes
Purpose for the Plant: Capitate sessile trichomes are slightly larger and consist of a stalk with a gland head. They play a significant role in the plant’s defence against environmental stresses. The gland head secretes various compounds that deter predators and contribute to the plant’s protective mechanisms.
Role in End-Product: Capitate sessile trichomes are responsible for producing and storing cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, as well as terpenes. These compounds significantly influence the aroma and flavor profiles of different cannabis strains. During the production of cannabis end-products, these trichomes contribute to the plant’s potency and sensory characteristics.
Capitate-Stalked Trichomes
Purpose for the Plant: Capitate-stalked trichomes are the largest and most prominent type. They are abundant on the flower buds of the cannabis plant. These trichomes serve as the primary site for cannabinoid and terpene production, playing a central role in the plant’s potency and effects. They also provide protection against UV radiation and potential pathogens.
Role in End-Product: The dense cannabinoid and terpene content in capitate-stalked trichomes makes them a crucial factor in determining the effects and therapeutic potential of the final cannabis product. The resin produced by these trichomes contributes to the plant’s resilience, flavor, and aroma, all of which are preserved and concentrated in various cannabis extracts and products.
How are Cannabis Trichomes Examined?
Commercial cannabis producers understand the importance of closely examining trichome development across all of their different batches of cannabis. By doing so, they can determine the optimal time to harvest each plant, ensuring that the trichomes are at their peak potency and flavor. But how do they efficiently and effectively carry out this process?
Using Trichome Harvest Charts
One common way that commercial cannabis producers examine trichome development is by utilizing a Trichome Harvest Chart. This chart provides a visual guide that helps growers track the progress of trichome development over time. It allows them to categorize the trichomes into different stages, such as clear, cloudy, or amber, depending on their colour and opacity.
By regularly consulting the Trichome Harvest Chart, growers can determine the best time to harvest each plant based on their desired outcome. For instance, if they aim for a more uplifting and energetic effect, they may choose to harvest when the trichomes are mostly clear. On the other hand, if they prefer a more relaxing and sedating experience, they may wait until the trichomes have turned mostly cloudy or amber.
Using a Trichome Harvest Chart allows commercial cannabis producers to efficiently monitor trichome development across all of their different batches of cannabis. They can easily track the progress of each plant and make informed decisions about when to harvest. This not only ensures consistent quality but also maximizes the potency and flavour profile of the final product.
Here’s a sample trichome harvest chart that you can use to model your own custom chart (courtesy of this website)
Some Other Methods of Efficiently Observing Trichomes
| Method | How Commercial Cannabis Producers Employ the Method |
|---|---|
| Digital Microscopes and Magnifiers | Trained staff carry trichome loupes with them during plant inspections. They examine trichomes by holding the loupe close to the buds and using proper lighting. The magnification helps assess trichome colour, transparency, and head development. |
| Photography and Documentation | Producers capture high-resolution images of trichomes using cameras or smartphones. These images are cataloged and organized, creating a visual record of trichome development across different batches. This method enables side-by-side comparisons and data-driven decision-making. |
| Trichome Loupes | Skilled staff members with a trained eye for trichome assessment visually inspect the trichomes on different batches. They use appropriate lighting and magnification tools to examine trichome colour, transparency, and gland head development. |
| Automated Imaging Systems | Automated imaging systems equipped with cameras are strategically placed to capture images of trichomes on multiple plants simultaneously. The images are processed by software to analyze trichome development patterns. This method provides standardized data for assessment. |
| Sampling and Testing | Producers take small samples from different batches and send them to cannabis testing labs. The labs analyze the cannabinoid and terpene profiles, providing information about trichome maturity and potency. The results guide harvest decisions. |
| Data Analytics Software | Producers input trichome assessment data into cultivation management software. The software aggregates and visualizes the data, allowing producers to track trends and make informed decisions about harvest timing and other cultivation practices. |
| Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) | Producers maintain a log where they record trichome development stages for each batch. The log includes details such as date, batch identifier, and trichome observations. Proper labelling ensures accurate tracking and analysis over time. |
| Trained Staff and Quality Control | Producers follow standardized procedures outlined in SOPs. These procedures detail when and how to examine trichomes, including specific criteria for assessing trichome colour and appearance. Consistency is maintained across batches. |
| Cross-Comparisons | Producers compare trichome development across different batches by physically inspecting plants side by side. They assess differences in trichome color, size, and gland head appearance to identify trends and adjust cultivation practices accordingly. |
Pro-Tip for Cannabis Producers
By carefully tracking the growth of these trichomes, producers can determine the optimal time to harvest their plants for maximum potency and quality.
Seed-to-sale cannabis software plays a crucial role in helping producers log the development of trichomes. Each batch of cannabis plants may have different genetics and environmental conditions, which can affect the trichome development. By keeping a detailed record of the trichome development process for each batch, producers can compare and analyze the data to identify patterns and make adjustments to their cultivation practices as needed. This level of attention to detail and quality management is essential for ensuring that each batch of cannabis meets the highest standards of potency, flavour, and overall quality.
Did you know? GrowerIQ has an industry-leading Seed-to-Sale Cannabis Software (with quality management built in) that is designed to uncomplicate cannabis production for cannabis producers throughout the world.
How Do Trichomes Develop in a Cannabis Plant?
Trichomes develop and change along with cannabis plant development. There are a few different stages of trichome development, and each stage plays a key role in helping the cannabis plant develop and also ensuring a high-quality end-product. Let’s dive into all of the stages.
Vegetative Stage
The first stage of trichome development is known as the vegetative stage. During this stage, trichomes are small and translucent, primarily serving a protective function by deterring pests and preventing water loss. As the cannabis plant enters the flowering stage, trichomes begin to multiply and grow in size.
Flowering Stage
The second stage of trichome development is the early flowering stage. At this point, trichomes become more prominent and start to take on a milky appearance. This milky colour indicates that the trichomes are producing higher levels of THC and other cannabinoids. However, the plant is not yet at peak potency, so it’s important to continue monitoring trichome development.
Mid-Flowering Stage
As the cannabis plant progresses through the flowering stage, trichomes continue to evolve. The next stage is the mid-flowering stage, where trichomes transition from a milky appearance to a cloudy one. This stage represents the peak potency for some cultivators, as the trichomes are now producing the highest levels of THC. However, it’s important to note that cultivators may choose to harvest at different stages based on their desired effects and strain characteristics.
Late Flowering Stage
The final stage of trichome development is the late flowering stage. During this stage, trichomes start to turn amber or brown. This colour change indicates that the THC is beginning to degrade and convert to other cannabinoids such as CBN. While some cultivators prefer to harvest at this stage for a more sedative effect, others may choose to harvest earlier to preserve the THC content.
How to Increase the Amount of Trichomes on Cannabis Plants
One key factor in achieving a high-quality cannabis harvest is producing an abundance of trichomes. Trichomes are tiny, crystal-like structures that cover the buds and leaves of the cannabis plant. That being said, let’s explore some ways to increase trichome production on cannabis plants.
Strain Selection
Choosing the right cannabis strain is the first step in producing more trichomes. Some strains naturally produce more trichomes than others, so selecting a strain known for its resin production can give you a head start. Look for strains that have won awards for their potency or are known for their high resin content.
Light Intensity
Trichomes are like tiny solar panels that capture light energy and convert it into the cannabinoids and terpenes we love. Providing your plants with intense light during the flowering stage can stimulate trichome production. LED grow lights are known for their ability to deliver high-intensity light while minimizing heat stress on the plants.
Temperature and Humidity Control
Trichomes are sensitive to environmental conditions, so maintaining the right temperature and humidity levels can make a big difference. During the flowering stage, aim for a temperature range of 68-77°F (20-25°C) during the day and slightly cooler at night. Keep humidity levels between 40-60% to prevent mold and mildew while still allowing the trichomes to thrive.
Balance Nutrients
Providing your plants with the right nutrients at the right time is crucial for trichome production. During the flowering stage, cannabis plants require higher levels of phosphorus and potassium. Using a high-quality bloom nutrient formula that is specifically designed for cannabis can help ensure your plants have the nutrients they need for maximum trichome production.
Stress Techniques
Some growers believe that subjecting the plants to mild stress can increase trichome production. Techniques such as low-stress training (LST), defoliation, or selectively pruning certain branches can redirect the plant’s energy towards trichome production. However, it’s important to note that these techniques should be done with caution and only by experienced growers.
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How Should Trichomes Look Like When Ready to Harvest?
Depending on the color of the trichomes, we can determine the maturity of the cannabis plant and the type of experience it will provide. Let’s take a look at the different colors and what they mean for the end product.
Clear Trichomes
First up, we have clear trichomes. These are the earliest stages of development and indicate that the plant is not yet ready for harvest. Clear trichomes contain a lower concentration of cannabinoids and terpenes, resulting in a mild sensory experience. This stage is often used for making extracts or concentrates that require a more delicate flavour profile.
Milky Trichomes
As the plant matures, the trichomes begin to turn milky white. At this stage, the concentration of cannabinoids and terpenes is on the rise, resulting in a more potent and flavorful experience. Many cultivators aim to harvest their plants when the trichomes are mostly white, as this is the peak of cannabinoid production.
Amber Trichomes
Next, we have amber trichomes. These indicate that the plant is reaching the end of its lifecycle and the cannabinoids are starting to degrade. Amber trichomes produce a more soothing and relaxing experience. Some people prefer to harvest when there is a mix of white and amber trichomes to achieve a balance between potency and relaxation.
Purple Trichomes
Lastly, we have the rare purple trichomes. These are often found in some strains with unique genetics. Purple trichomes are associated with a higher concentration of anthocyanins, which contribute to the plant’s vibrant color. These trichomes can produce a more uplifting and euphoric experience.
Trichome Colours & How They Affect Cannabis End-Products
Now that we understand the different colors of trichomes and their effects, let’s talk about the types of cannabis products that are typically created with each trichome color.
Clear & White Trichomes
Clear and white trichomes are often used for making extracts, concentrates, and tinctures. These products are prized for their delicate flavours and mild effects. They are perfect for those who prefer a more subtle cannabis experience.
Amber Trichomes
Amber trichomes, on the other hand, are commonly used for making edibles, topicals, and other products that focus on relaxation and pain relief. The more sedative properties of amber trichomes make them ideal for these types of applications.
Purple Trichomes
Purple trichomes, though rare, can be used in a variety of products. They are often sought after for their unique flavors and uplifting effects. These trichomes are commonly found in specialty strains and are highly prized by cannabis enthusiasts.
What if Trichomes Turn Amber or Dark Brown?
When trichomes are still young and immature, they appear clear or translucent. As they continue to develop, they turn milky white, which is generally considered the ideal time to harvest for a balanced cannabinoid profile.
However, some growers prefer to wait a little longer until the trichomes turn amber or dark brown. These over-ripened trichomes indicate a higher level of THC degradation and the conversion of THC into other cannabinoids such as CBN. This can result in a more sedative and relaxing effect. While it may not be the preferred choice for every consumer, it can be beneficial for those seeking pain relief or a deep sense of relaxation.
Although over-ripened trichomes may not be ideal for every cannabis product, skilled cannabis producers can still make use of cannabis plants with trichomes in this state. For example, they can extract the plant material and focus on creating products with specific effects, such as sleep aids or pain relief.
It is important to note that over-ripened trichomes should not be the norm when aiming for the highest-quality cannabis products. Most consumers prefer the balance of cannabinoids and terpenes found in trichomes that are milky white. However, for those looking to experiment with different effects or create specialized products, over-ripened trichomes can offer a unique opportunity.
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How Does Seed-To-Sale Cannabis Software with Trichome Development & Management?
Monitoring trichome development is crucial to ensuring that your plants are harvested at the optimal time for maximum potency and quality. With GrowerIQ’s seed-to-sale cannabis software, you have access to a powerful batch-tracking feature that can help you monitor trichome development in your cannabis plants. This feature allows you to track the growth of your plants from the seed stage all the way to harvest, providing you with valuable insights into the development of trichomes and helping you make informed decisions about when to harvest your plants.
In addition to tracking trichome development, GrowerIQ’s software also provides you with other valuable insights and analytics. You can track nutrient schedules, environmental conditions, and other factors that may impact trichome development. This comprehensive approach ensures that you have all the information you need to produce high-quality cannabis.
Discover how GrowerIQ’s seed-to-sale software can help you set up all of the components of a successful cannabis production operation without any hassle. Questions we haven’t covered? Please reach out and let us know. GrowerIQ serves clients coast to coast, and we’re ready to help your team today.
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