Ultimate Guide to Cannabis Solvents: How & Why They Differ

Understand the Science Behind Why Cannabis Producers Use Cannabis Solvents & Useful Information About the Most Popular Solvents Used

When it comes to producing the best cannabis products, quality assurance practices are of utmost importance. Cannabis solvents, such as ethanol, butane, or CO2, are commonly used to extract cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant material. However, the presence of residual solvents in the final product can be harmful to consumers. This is why it is crucial for cannabis producers to have rigorous quality management systems in place to ensure that all solvents are properly removed during the production process. Read on to learn more about the different types of solvents used, the science behind them, and unique products best suited to each type of cannabis solvent.

What is a Solvent?

Now, you might be wondering, “What exactly is a solvent, and why is it swimming in the cannabis extraction pool?” Well, think of a solvent as a trusty sidekick that helps in creating solutions or dissolving other substances. In our realm of cannabis production, solvents play a pivotal role in extracting those precious cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant material. It’s like coaxing out the best bits from your favorite herb.

Polar vs. Non-Polar Solvents

Polar solvents, like ethanol, have a magnetic attraction to water and other polar compounds. They’re great for extracting a wide range of cannabinoids and preserving those precious terpenes. It’s like they’re in sync with the plant’s symphony.

On the flip side, we’ve got our non-polar pals, such as butane and propane. These solvents are like adventurers in search of non-polar compounds. They’re all about grabbing the cannabinoids while giving the terpenes a bit of a break. Each type of solvent has its unique strengths, and skilled extractors know how to choose wisely based on the desired outcome.

Why Are Solvents Used for Cannabis Extraction?

Cannabis plants contain hundreds of different compounds, including cannabinoids like THC and CBD, as well as terpenes, which are responsible for the plant’s unique aroma and flavour. In order to extract these compounds, we need a solvent that is capable of selectively dissolving them.

Different solvents have different properties, and the choice of solvent can have a significant impact on the quality and characteristics of the final product. Some solvents are better at extracting specific compounds, while others may extract a broader range of compounds. Additionally, solvents can vary in terms of their safety and environmental impact. We’ll touch on some of the different solvents that can be used in the cannabis extraction process, later on in this post. Before we do that, let’s talk about the science of how solvent-based cannabis extraction works.

What is the Science Behind Solvent-Based Cannabis Extraction

Solubility

Different compounds have varying solubility levels in different solvents. Solubility refers to how well a substance can dissolve in a particular solvent to form a homogeneous solution. In cannabis extraction, the goal is to use a solvent in which the target compounds (cannabinoids and terpenes) are highly soluble.

Polarity

Polarity refers to the distribution of electric charge within a molecule. Solvents can be classified as polar or non-polar. Polar solvents have molecules with an uneven distribution of charge, while non-polar solvents have molecules with a relatively even distribution of charge. Different compounds have different polarities, and this affects their solubility in various solvents.

• Polar compounds tend to dissolve well in polar solvents.
• Non-polar compounds tend to dissolve well in non-polar solvents.

Selective Extraction

The choice of solvent is crucial for selectively extracting the desired compounds. For example, cannabinoids are typically lipophilic (fat-soluble) compounds, while terpenes can vary in their polarity. Hydrocarbon solvents like butane and propane are often used to extract lipophilic cannabinoids, while supercritical CO2 and ethanol are commonly used to extract a broader range of compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenes.

Extraction Method

Different extraction methods determine how the solvent interacts with the plant material. For instance, in a butane hash oil (BHO) extraction, liquid butane is passed over the cannabis material to dissolve the trichome contents. In supercritical CO2 extraction, CO2 is used in a controlled state to behave like both a gas and a liquid, allowing it to extract compounds effectively.

Purification

After extraction, the solvent is often removed from the solution to yield a concentrated extract. This can involve processes like evaporation, distillation, or purging under vacuum. Proper purification is crucial to ensure that no residual solvents are left in the final product.

It’s important to note that while solvent-based extraction methods can yield potent and concentrated cannabis extracts, they also require careful attention to safety and quality. Regulatory bodies in the cannabis industry often set limits on allowable levels of residual solvents in final products to ensure consumer safety.

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What is the Difference between Solvents, and Solventless Concentrates?

Cannabis concentrates have gained significant popularity in recent years, with consumers seeking more potent and versatile options. Two main categories of concentrates have emerged: solvents and solventless concentrates. While both types have their merits, they differ in terms of the end product they are able to produce.

Explaining Solvents

Solvents, such as butane, propane, or ethanol, are commonly used to extract the desired cannabinoids and terpenes from the cannabis plant material. This process typically involves soaking the plant material in the solvent, which dissolves the desired compounds. The resulting mixture is then purged of the solvent, leaving behind a concentrate rich in cannabinoids and terpenes. This concentrate can take various forms, such as shatter, wax, or oil.

Explaining Solventless Concentrates

On the other hand, solventless concentrates are produced without the use of any solvents. Instead, methods like ice water extraction, dry sift, or rosin pressing are employed to separate the trichomes, which contain the desired cannabinoids and terpenes, from the plant material. These trichomes are then collected and processed into various forms, including hash, kief, or rosin.

Solvents vs. Solventless Concentrates

So, the magic question is, how do solvents and solventless concentrates differ in terms of the end product they produce? The answer lies in their respective extraction methods. Solvent-based extraction methods have the potential to produce higher yields of cannabinoids and terpenes, resulting in concentrates with a higher potency. This can be especially beneficial for medical cannabis patients seeking stronger and more consistent effects.

However, solvents can also introduce impurities and contaminants into the final product if not properly purged. Residual solvents, such as butane or ethanol, can compromise the quality and safety of the concentrate if present in high levels. Therefore, it is crucial for producers to adhere to strict quality control measures and thoroughly purge their concentrates to ensure a clean and pure end product.

Solventless concentrates, on the other hand, are often considered to be a more natural and purer form of cannabis concentrate. The lack of solvents in the extraction process means that there is a lower risk of contamination. Solventless concentrates are also prized for their full spectrum of flavors and aromas, as the extraction methods used preserve the delicate terpenes that give cannabis its unique characteristics.

Potency Differences Between the Two Types of Solvents

Solvent-based concentrates have the potential to produce higher potency and yield, but there is a risk of impurities if not properly purged. Solventless concentrates, on the other hand, are considered to be a more natural and pure form of concentrate, but may not reach the same potency levels as solvent-based counterparts.

Ultimately, the choice between solvents and solventless concentrates comes down to personal preference and the desired end product. Both methods have their own unique qualities and can produce high-quality concentrates when done correctly.

How Solvents Extract Cannabinoids from Cannabis Plants

Cannabinoids and terpenes are the chemical compounds found in cannabis that give the plant its unique properties and effects. These compounds play a vital role in the value and quality of end-consumer products.

Cannabinoids in Cannabis Plants

First, let’s talk about cannabinoids. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are two of the most well-known cannabinoids, but there are over 100 different cannabinoids found in cannabis. Each cannabinoid offers its own set of potential benefits and effects. THC is known for its psychoactive properties, producing the “high” commonly associated with cannabis. CBD, on the other hand, is non-psychoactive and has been found to have various therapeutic properties.

These cannabinoids add value to end-products by providing consumers with different options and experiences. Some individuals may prefer products high in THC for recreational use, while others may seek out CBD for its potential therapeutic benefits without the intoxicating effects. By offering a wide range of cannabinoid profiles, producers can cater to the diverse needs and preferences of consumers.

Terpenes in Cannabis Plants

In addition to cannabinoids, terpenes also contribute to the value of cannabis products. Terpenes are aromatic compounds that give cannabis its distinctive smell and flavour. They are not unique to cannabis and can be found in various plants, herbs, and fruits. Terpenes work in synergy with cannabinoids, enhancing their effects and creating what is known as the entourage effect.

How Cannabinoids and Terpenes are Combined to Create Varying Products

Different combinations of cannabinoids and terpenes can produce varying effects when consumed. For example, the presence of specific terpenes like myrcene or limonene may contribute to feelings of relaxation or upliftment. Some terpenes, such as pinene, may have anti-inflammatory properties or aid in the relief of pain. The combinations of cannabinoids and terpenes create a complex profile that determines the overall experience and benefits of a cannabis product.

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How Solvents Are Used to Produce Varying Cannabis Products

Have you ever wondered how different solvents interact with cannabis plant material? Let’s dive into the science behind these interactions and discover the fascinating world of cannabis solvent extraction.

First and foremost, it’s important to note that not all solvents are created equal. Different solvents possess unique properties that can greatly impact the extraction process. Some of the commonly used solvents include ethanol, butane, propane, and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). We’ll touch on these methods in the next section.

Solubility in Solvents

The key concept to grasp in order to understand the difference between solvents is solubility. Solubility refers to the ability of a solvent to dissolve a solute, in this case, cannabinoids and terpenes.

Each solvent has a unique solubility profile, which determines how well it can dissolve specific compounds. For example, ethanol has a high solubility for polar compounds like water-soluble cannabinoids (such as THCA) and certain terpenes. On the other hand, hydrocarbon solvents like butane and propane have a higher solubility for non-polar compounds like lipophilic cannabinoids (such as THC) and certain terpenes.

Also, the temperature and pressure at which extraction takes place also impact the solubility of compounds in the solvent. By adjusting these parameters, extractors can fine-tune the extraction process to achieve the desired outcome.

Pro-Tip for Cannabis Producers

From start to finish, cannabis producers have got a buddy in the form of seed-to-sale software. It’s like having a backstage pass to the whole cannabis extraction show, making sure everyone’s following the rules. This software brings different parts of the operation together and lets producers keep a watch on important stuff, like the solvents they’re using to work their magic on those plants.

With this super-detailed view, producers can show they’re on top of the game when it comes to using and saying goodbye to solvents properly. Basically, it’s a safety net that makes sure everything’s cool and above board in the world of cannabis production.

Did you know? GrowerIQ has an industry-leading Seed-to-Sale Cannabis Software (with quality management built in) that is designed to uncomplicate cannabis production for cannabis producers throughout the world.

Learn more here.

Using Butane Honey Oil (BHO) as a Cannabis Solvent

Butane Honey Oil (BHO) has quickly become one of the most popular methods for producing high-purity cannabis concentrates. This extraction method utilizes butane as a solvent to separate the desirable compounds, such as THC and CBD, from the plant material. The result is a concentrated oil that can be used in a variety of unique cannabis products.

One of the Cleanest Extraction Methods

BHO is considered one of the cleanest extraction methods because it leaves behind very little residue. The butane solvent is evaporated during the extraction process, leaving behind a concentrated oil that is free from impurities. This means that the final product is not only potent but also pure.

Cannabinoid & Terpene Levels with BHO Solvent Extraction

When it comes to THC and CBD levels, BHO extraction can produce concentrates with high amounts of both cannabinoids. THC is the psychoactive compound that is responsible for the “high” experienced when consuming cannabis, while CBD is known for its potential therapeutic benefits. With BHO extraction, it is possible to create concentrates with very high THC levels, making them a popular choice among recreational users. On the other hand, CBD-rich concentrates can also be produced using this method, catering to those seeking the potential health benefits of CBD without the psychoactive effects of THC.

In addition to THC and CBD, BHO extraction also allows for the preservation of terpenes. Terpenes are aromatic compounds that give cannabis its distinct flavours and aromas. They also play a role in the overall effects of cannabis, as different terpenes can produce different effects. With BHO extraction, the natural terpene profile of the cannabis plant can be preserved, resulting in concentrates that not only have high levels of THC and CBD but also a rich and diverse terpene profile.

Unique Products That Can Be Created using the BHO Extraction Method

Some of the unique products that can be created using the BHO method include shatter, wax, and live resin. Shatter is a translucent concentrate that has a glass-like appearance. It is known for being very potent and can be enjoyed in various ways, such as dabbing or vaporizing. Wax, on the other hand, has a softer consistency and is often used for dabbing. It is a popular choice among consumers who prefer a more malleable concentrate. Lastly, live resin is a type of BHO extract that is made using freshly harvested cannabis plants. This unique extraction method preserves the terpene profile of the plant, resulting in a concentrate with a strong flavour and aroma.

Using Propane Honey Oil (PHO) as a Cannabis Solvent

PHO is a type of cannabis extract that is made using propane as a solvent. This method typically involves using a closed-loop extraction system, where propane is forced through the plant material, extracting the desired cannabinoids and terpenes. The resulting extract is then purged of any residual solvents and other impurities to ensure a high-quality end product.

One of the key differences between PHO and BHO is the temperature at which the extraction takes place. Propane has a lower boiling point than butane, which means that during the extraction process, it is able to capture a different range of cannabinoids and terpenes. This can result in extracts with unique profiles, offering a different experience for consumers.

Cannabinoid & Terpene Levels with PHO Solvent Extraction

When it comes to the levels of THC, CBD, and terpenes in PHO extracts, it all depends on the strain of cannabis used and the specific extraction parameters. However, it is worth noting that PHO tends to produce extracts with higher levels of cannabinoids compared to other methods. This can be particularly beneficial for medical cannabis patients who require higher doses of THC or CBD for therapeutic purposes.

Unique Products That Can Be Created using the BHO Extraction Method

In terms of the unique type of cannabis products suited to the PHO method, the possibilities are endless. PHO extracts can be used to create a wide range of products, including vape cartridges, tinctures, edibles, and topicals. These products can offer consumers a different experience, with varying levels of potency, flavour, and aroma.

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Using Ethanol as a Cannabis Solvent

Ethanol is a polar solvent, which means it has the ability to dissolve both water-soluble and oil-soluble compounds. In the case of cannabis extraction, Ethanol has the unique ability to dissolve the cannabinoids, terpenes, and other beneficial compounds found in the plant.

When Ethanol is introduced to cannabis, it breaks down the plant material and extracts the cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, as well as terpenes. The cannabinoids are the compounds responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis, while terpenes are aromatic compounds that contribute to the unique flavors and aromas of different strains.

One of the advantages of using Ethanol as a solvent is that it can selectively extract the desired compounds, leaving behind unwanted materials such as chlorophyll and waxes. This results in a cleaner and higher quality extract.

Cannabinoid & Terpene Levels with PHO Solvent Extraction

The THC, CBD, and terpene levels in the extract can be controlled by adjusting the duration and temperature of the extraction process. For example, a shorter extraction time at a lower temperature may yield a product with higher CBD levels, while a longer extraction time at a higher temperature may result in a product with higher THC levels.

Unique Products That Can Be Created using the Ethanol Extraction Method

Now, let’s talk about the unique types of cannabis products that are suited to the Ethanol extraction method. Ethanol extraction is commonly used to produce a wide range of products such as tinctures, oils, and concentrates. These products are highly versatile and can be used in various ways, from sublingual administration to adding them to edibles.

Tinctures, for instance, are liquid extracts that are typically consumed by placing a few drops under the tongue. They are known for their fast-acting effects and are a popular choice for medical cannabis users. Oils, on the other hand, can be used as a base for topicals or as an ingredient in edibles. Concentrates, such as shatter or wax, are highly potent and can be vaporized or dabbed.

Using CO2 as a Cannabis Solvent

The process of extracting cannabinoids and terpenes from cannabis plants has evolved over the years, with various methods being utilized. One of the most popular and effective extraction methods is using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a solvent. Today, we will dive into the science behind CO2 extraction and why it is considered the cleanest and most residual-free of all solvent extract methods.

CO2 extraction involves using pressurized carbon dioxide to separate the desired compounds from the cannabis plant. In this method, CO2 is exposed to high pressure and low temperature, which allows it to exist in a supercritical state. In this state, CO2 acts as both a liquid and a gas, making it an excellent solvent for extracting cannabinoids and terpenes.

What makes CO2 extraction unique is its ability to selectively target specific compounds while leaving behind unwanted impurities. By adjusting the temperature and pressure, extractors can control which compounds are extracted from the plant material. This level of precision ensures that the final product is free from residual solvents, pesticides, and other harmful contaminants.

Cannabinoid & Terpene Levels with CO2 Solvent Extraction

When it comes to cannabinoid extraction, CO2 is particularly efficient at extracting THC and CBD. These two cannabinoids are the most well-known and widely studied components of cannabis. THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects commonly associated with cannabis, while CBD is known for its potential therapeutic benefits.

CO2 extraction allows for the preservation of these cannabinoids in their natural form, without the need for additional processing. This means that the final product can retain the full spectrum of cannabinoids found in the plant, including minor compounds that may have synergistic effects with THC and CBD.

In addition to cannabinoids, CO2 extraction also captures the delicate terpenes found in cannabis. Terpenes are aromatic compounds that give each cannabis strain its unique scent and flavor. They also play a significant role in the entourage effect, which refers to the enhanced therapeutic benefits that occur when cannabinoids and terpenes work together.

The CO2 extraction method preserves these terpenes, resulting in cannabis products that not only provide the desired effects but also deliver a sensory experience like no other. Whether it’s the uplifting citrus notes of a sativa strain or the calming herbal aroma of an indica, CO2-extracted products ensure that the full range of terpenes is present.

Unique Products That Can Be Created using the CO2 Extraction Method

Thanks to its ability to produce high-quality extracts, CO2 extraction has become the gold standard in the cannabis industry. From oils and tinctures to edibles and topicals, a wide range of cannabis products can be made using this method. Whether you’re seeking relief from chronic pain, relaxation, or simply want to enhance your overall well-being, CO2-extracted cannabis products are the way to go. Here is a list of products best suited to CO2 extraction:

How Seed-to-Sale Cannabis Software Helps With Solvent & Extraction Method Tracking Across Batches

GrowerIQ’s seed-to-sale cannabis software provides cannabis producers with a comprehensive solution for managing their extraction processes. One of the key features of this software is batch tracking, which allows producers to accurately trace the solvents and extraction methods used across all batches of their cannabis crop.

With batch tracking, cannabis producers can easily monitor and document the entire extraction process from start to finish. This ensures that all necessary information, such as the type of solvents used and the extraction methods employed, are recorded and readily available for compliance purposes.

By implementing GrowerIQ’s software, cannabis producers can streamline their extraction operations and ensure that they are meeting all regulatory requirements. The software allows for real-time monitoring of the extraction process, enabling producers to identify and address any issues promptly. This level of transparency and accountability helps cannabis producers build trust and confidence among consumers, regulators, and industry stakeholders.

Discover how GrowerIQ’s seed-to-sale software can help you set up all of the components of a successful cannabis production operation without any hassle. Questions we haven’t covered? Please reach out and let us know. GrowerIQ serves clients coast to coast, and we’re ready to help your team today.